How many times did Jesus visit Jerusalem? "Jesus went about all Galilee," reports Matthew 4:23, "teaching in their synagogues." Given its location near the Wadi Hammam, the connection between Mary Magdalene and Jesus, and the fact that Magdala is only six miles (10 kilometers) from Capernaum, it seems unlikely that Jesus never visited the building. The floor was usually dirt or flagstones, and common people probably sat on mats on the floor, while the important people sat on the stone benches (Matt. By this time, we know he was a carpenter. And He opened the book and found the place where it was written, Because He anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor, He has sent Me to proclaim release to the captives, To proclaim the favorable year of the Lord. And He said, Truly I say to you, no prophet is welcome in his hometown. That the synagogue began as the center of the Jewish social life is confirmed by the fact that it was the community center in the first century as well. The delegate would often serve as the preacher and would also read the section of the Prophets. Was the restriction of unclean foods in the Bible a commandment. He stretched it out, and it was restored to normal, like the other. In that way, it proved to be a significant part of God's preparing exactly the right cultural practices for his Son's ministry. And as His custom was, He went into the Synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read. There are, however, other sources that may . And once again we see that not only does the New Testament reflect the world of ancient Judaism, but it is a faithful witness to it. Jewish scholars believe Ezekiel's reassuring promise that God would provide a "sanctuary" (11:16) for his people is a reference to the small groups that gathered in their homes during the exile to recall God's covenant, his law, and especially the redemptive promises of the prophets. But the jolt comes in Luke 4:15-16. As long as the Temple stood in Jerusalem, synagogues apparently did not face Jerusalem. And I said, Lord, they themselves understand that in one synagogue after another. The issue of first century synagogues is further complicated because the synagogue itself underwent a transformation after the Roman destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. . Though literary sources prove that first-century synagogues existed, there are few archaeological remains. The scroll of the prophet Isaiah is handed to him. ? Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. Afterwards, Jesus is invited to the home of the Barjonas family (meaning 'Son of Jonah' or 'Son of John' - see John 1:42) where Simon and . I know your tribulation and your poverty (but you are rich), and the blasphemy by those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan. There are many references on this in all the gospels; but here is Chad Spigel is an assistant professor of religion at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. Home / Articles / First Century Synagogues. The service ended with a benediction using the Aaronic blessing found in the Torah (Num. (Luke 6:8, 10). Since first-century synagogues were local communal institutions, it is not surprising that there is no evidence for a centralized group that determined what took place inside of them. I have always taught in synagogues and in the temple, where all Jews come together. Like other times when Jesus relates something to a crowd and then offers a further . Mary, mesmerized by Jesus' teaching, is caught by her sister Martha sitting and listening to Jesus' teaching with the male disciples. There are six days in which men are obligated to work; therefore, during those days come and be healed, but not on the SABBATH DAY (Luke 13:14). At the time, Jesus' ministry was less than a year old (it started in the fall of 26). This directional design does not appear within the first century synagogues discovered in the land of Israel indicating that prayer was not the primary function of the synagogue. The New Testament records more than 10 occasions on which the ministry of Jesus took place in the synagogue. Found in: Mark 1:21-28 and John 4:31-36. I Said It - John 1:1-2, 6. And there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, but only Naaman the Syrian.. He also taught his disciples to do the same ( Mark 3:7; Luke 9:10 ). Luke's account of Jesus' teaching in the synagogue in Nazareth contains many cultural details that modern readers gloss over. to a . Archaeology and ancient Jewish literary sources enable us to better understand this key religious institution that was so important to Jesus, His followers, and His movement after His death. ), a period when the temple of Jehovah lay in ruins. He said, "You must obey them and do everything they tell you. The Torah scrolls would be brought out by the hazzan and would be read in several portions, sometimes as many as seven. All that was required was that the demonic spirit be told to leave! They also served as banks, hostels for travelers, and large banqueting halls. Then they (Jesus and the disciples) went into Capernaum; and on the Sabbath day He immediately went into the synagogue and taught the people. The delegate would open the service with various benedictions and recitations. This inscription provides one of the earliest archaeological witnesses for synagogues in the land of Israel in the first century. Temptation in the Desert (Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:12-13; Luke 4:1-13) Jesus went out into the desert and fasted for 40 days. 2 And when the Sabbath came, He began () to teach in the synagogue; and [] the () many listeners were astonished, saying, "Where did this man learn these things, and what is this wisdom that has been given to Him, and such [] miracles as these performed by His hands? The brethren immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Berea, and when they arrived, they went into the synagogue of the Jews. Jesus Teaching in Synagogues. The early Christians continued to attend synagogues, though with a new interpretation of the Torah, now that Jesus had been revealed as Messiah (Acts 13:14). (1) Christians describe the church activity of formal interaction with God as "worship." Ezra the scribe stood at a wooden podium which they had made for the purpose. Also Jeshua, Bani, Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodiah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, the Levites, explained the law to the people while the people remained in their place. And there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, but only Naaman the Syrian. And all the people in the synagogue were filled with rage as they heard these things; and they got up and drove Him out of the city, and led Him to the brow of the hill on which their city had been built, in order to throw Him down the cliff. Although this was written after Jesus, it represents the practice of his time. Where did Jesus teach in the temple? A. Jesus ' First Visit to Nazareth (Near the Beginning of the Galilean Ministry) Scripture: Luke 4:13-22. and from there to Philippi, which is a leading city of the district of Macedonia, a Roman colony; and we were staying in this city for some days. He almost certainly did. The earliest archaeological evidence for a synagogue comes from Egypt dating to the second half of the third century BC, where the synagogue was called a place of prayer (see Acts 16:13, 16). The word synagogue is derived from the Greek word 'Sinagogos.'. These awesome events were purposely done in a public setting, on the Sabbath (Saturday), not only as proof that he was the promised Messiah but also to clarify the true meaning and intent of the Biblical day of rest. And he was reasoning in the synagogue every Sabbath and trying to persuade Jews and Greeks. Of course, not all decoration is architectural. Another paradigm-breaking moment is found in the story of Jesus and his disciples at the home of the sisters Mary and Martha (Luke 10:38). In the time of Jesus, the synagogue was in the center of the town. Now when they had traveled through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews. He stretched it out, and it was restored to normal, like the other. And he entered the synagogue and continued speaking out boldly for three months, reasoning and persuading them about the kingdom of God. B. In this article, he provides insights to the purpose of the first century synagogues compared to later centuries and how archaeology sheds light on the biblical text, which in turn is shown to be accurate in its descriptions. The new community of Jesus was born out of the synagogue. 145:2.1 The next Sabbath, at the afternoon service in the synagogue, Jesus preached his sermon on "The Will of the Father in Heaven.". But some men from what was called the Synagogue of the Freedmen, including both Cyrenians and Alexandrians, and some from Cilicia and Asia, rose up and argued with Stephen. Matthew 4:23 - And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. Synagogue. Archaeology cannot prove the Bible, but it can enable us to understand the material culture of the people of the Bible. 1:11,15; 1 Sam. In the time of Jesus, the Temple in Jerusalem was still standing, and was the focus of Jewish worship, as it had been for many hundreds of years. Luke 4:23, where Jesus, speaking in the Nazareth synagogue, refers to "what . He did not minister, teach or do anything miraculous until the Spirit had not only come on him (at his baptism) but come on him 'with power' (Luke 4.14). His miracle did not require an elaborate ceremony or take a long time to perform. For example, he stood up to read (Luke 4:16; see t. Sukkah 2.10), most likely standing before a Torah reading stand like rested upon the stone base discovered at Magdala. Jesus' point was that . He finds the place where it tells of the One anointed by Jehovah's spirit, which passage is found today at Isaiah 61:1, 2 . Then He said to the man, "Stretch out your hand!" In some towns, the synagogue may even have provided lodging for travelers. Unlike synagogues from later centuries, which are identified by furnishings used for worship and Jewish inscriptions and art, first-century synagogues didnt have Jewish features and were simply public buildings with benches along the walls. and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, He is the Son of God.. All rights reserved. The synagogue was school, meeting place, courtroom, and place of prayer. (That is, it was about a year earlier that Jesus had left to be baptized by John; as far as the record goes, He had not returned since.) After all readings, a short sermon would be offered, often by the reader of the Torah or Haftarah. I thank God that I baptized none of you except Crispus and Gaius. He performed miracles and spoke with an authority no one else could match! Some believe it was about the time of the exile of the Jews to Babylon (607-537 B.C.E. Then He laid His hands on her; and immediately she was made straight, and she glorified God (Luke 13:12 - 13). f. Women were not directly involved in the administration of a synagogue . No one but Levites and priests could enter the Temple. Now for several days he was with the disciples who were at Damascus. And beside him stood Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maaseiah on his right hand; and Pedaiah, Mishael, Malchijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah and Meshullam on his left hand. Your ancestors ate manna and died, but whoever feeds on this bread will live forever." 59 He said this while teaching in the synagogue in Capernaum. Here, the place in which Jesus taught and in which he cast out an unclean spirit ( Mark 1.21-28, Luke 4.31, 32) is shown. They went to Capernaum, and when the Sabbath came, Jesus went into the synagogue and began to teach. The Gospels record that "Jesus went throughout Galilee, teaching in their synagogues." Yet the Christian reader rarely ponders the significance of such an apparently common structure so central in Jesus' ministry.The synagogue provided a ready platform for the teaching of Jesus and later the apostle Paul. (For more information on this topic request our free article: "Jesus is Lord of the Sabbath.) His book, Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits, was published by Mohr Siebeck in 2012. It is all too easy to shoot photos of your group with the impressive synagogue structure emphasizing the magnificence of its . And He came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and He was teaching them on the Sabbath; and they were amazed at His teaching, for His message was with authority. could refer to a group of people, a community or a building, an institution in the first century AD. All four gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum and often attended the synagogue there: Matthew 4:13 describes Jesus leaving Nazareth and settling in Capernaum. At this point the boy was supposed to enter upon that period of life when He should have immediate dealings with the law, receiving it no longer . So, the synagogue of the first century is not the synagogue of the fifth century, tenth century, or the modern synagogue. But He knew their (scribes and Pharisees) thoughts, and said to the man who had the withered hand, "Arise and stand in the midst." The modern "assembly" of Jesus' followers would do well to remember that the roots of the church are in a community living and worshiping together. The synagogues at Gamla in the Golan and Magdala in Galilee have benches around the walls, which makes the focal point for those seated on the benches the center of the room where Torah reading and instruction took place. By engaging archaeology and other ancient, non-biblical literary sources, we can better understand the details the New Testament authors assumed their readers knew, and by doing so, we can better understand their writings. Being addressed as "Rabbi" certainly indicated someone who had learned from a rabbi. In Mark 6:31-32, he invites his men to join him, saying, "Come away by yourselves to a desolate place and rest a while.". Until the year 70 C.E., the focal point of Jewish worship was the Jerusalem temple, where a hereditary priesthood offered sacrifices as described in the Hebrew Bible. But the synagogue official, indignant because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath, began saying to the crowd in response, "There are six days in which work should be done; so come during them and get healed, and not on the Sabbath day.". In some cases, the front facade had three doors. Give now to help That The World May Know Ministries reveal the heart of Scripturethrough life-changing study tours, an engaging film series, and morefor a greater understanding of Gods Word than ever before. The synagogue apparently functioned as a place of prayer for the Jewish community that lived outside of the land of Israel in the first century. The Mishnah (the written record of the oral traditions of Jesus' time and after) recorded that the gifted student began study of the written Torah at age five, studied oral traditions at age 12, became a religious adult at 13, studied the application of Torah and tradition at 15, learned a trade at 20, and entered his full ability at 30. Not only did they frequently accuse him of using the powers of darkness to work wonders, they also asserted he was possessed of the devil (John 7:20, 8:48, 10:20, Matthew 10:25, 12:24). In Iconium they entered the synagogue of the Jews together, and spoke in such a manner that a large number of people believed, both of Jews and of Greeks. At first, the listeners liked the message that Jesus preached. Jesus Heals a Man with a Wicked Spirit. At other times, Paul's practice of teaching in the synagogue led to much persecution. . It was the place where small groups of Jewish students assembled for Scripture reading and discussion of the Torah and oral tradition. Without the temple, synagogues provided already-established communal institutions that would ultimately develop into the new centers of Jewish worship. He certainly selected a group of students who followed him, learning as they went. The answers to these questions not only illuminate stories in the New Testament, they also shed light on the early years of an important Jewish institution. We would do well to understand the synagogue of Galilee. And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all. The sermon was frequently quite short (Jesus spoke only a few words, Luke 4:21). Then Ezra blessed the Lord the great God. The following morning, the community gathered in the synagogue building. In other words, these religious leaders felt another person's suffering could wait a day in order to be healed, yet work to protect the life and marketable value of their animals was entirely acceptable! Jesus spent a significant amount of time teaching . Satan causing Job and Apostle Paul to suffer physically) or possibly a mild form of demon possession (Luke 13:16). Luke 5:2 He saw two boats at the edge of the lake. Jesus was the creator of all things (John 1:1-3) and He created the Sabbath and made it holy (Genesis 2:2-3.) 18 y "The Spirit of the Lord z is upon me,. He read from it before the square which was in front of the Water Gate from early morning until midday, in the presence of men and women, those who could understand; and all the people were attentive to the book of the law. Your support now will help strengthen marriages, equip parents to raise godly children, save preborn babies, reach out to orphans and more by supporting our daily broadcasts, online and print resources, counseling, and life-changing initiatives. It also describes the role of the synagogue within the land of Israel prior to the destruction of the Temple in A.D. 70: Theodotos, son of Vettenus, priest and ruler of the synagogue, son of a ruler of the synagogue, grandson of a ruler of the synagogue, built the synagogue for the reading of the Torah and the teaching of the commandments, and also the guest chamber and the upper rooms and the ritual pools of water for lodging for those needing them from abroad, which his fathers, the elders and Simonides founded. Luke 4:15-16. Capernaum, located in a region known as Galilee, is the place where Christ and at least five of his disciples lived. When we look in the Greek New Testament we see that Yeshua is called "Rabbi" 16 times. This article discusses the three Biblically recorded miracles Jesus performed during synagogue services. 116:17; Isa. Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people for he was standing above all the people; and when he opened it, all the people stood up. Mark 1:21-28 describes Jesus teaching and healing in the synagogue. And He opened the book and found the place where it was written,read more.The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me,Because He anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor.He has sent Me to proclaim release to the captives,And recovery of sight to the blind,To set free those who are oppressed, To proclaim the favorable year of the Lord. And He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant and sat down; and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on Him. The synagogue of Capernaum affirms the authority of Jesus' "new" teaching (Mark 1:21-28). 1445 N Boonville Ave Springfield, MO 65802 The synagogue was not simply a place to share God's Word, but also an important part of the Jewish people's relationship to God. What part of the temple did Jesus teach in? He literally makes us to be just, and the Latin word [foreign language 00:13:58] means to make just. After the reading of the Law and the Prophets the synagogue officials sent to them, saying, Brethren, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, say it.. According to the New Testament Gospels, Jesus often taught in synagogues, one of which was in Capernaum (Mark 1:21-28), in northern Israel. Focus on the Family is committed to helping families thrive according to Gods Word! It is very difficult for us, almost 2,000 years removed from Jesus' day, to project ourselves back across the centuries of time to a culture and language so totally foreign to the western mind of today. Unfortunately this is the first of several sabbath events that will end in controversy (4:31-37; 6:1-5, 6-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-5). and didnt crystallize until the medieval period. Jews describe the same activity in synagogues (or, in Bible times, in the Temple) as "prayer." While they stood in their place, they read from the book of the law of the Lord their God for a fourth of the day; and for another fourth they confessed and worshiped the Lord their God. One can see this especially with regard to religious practices and institutions, and spiritual expressions. Whatever we heard was done at Capernaum, do here in your hometown as well.. because he has anointed me. But I say to you in truth, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up for three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land; and yet Elijah was sent to none of them, but only to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow. In the synagogue there was a man possessed by the spirit of an unclean demon, and he cried out with a loud voice. In verses 26-27 Jesus refers to 1 Kings 17:1-15 and 2 Kings 5:1-14 that mention Gentiles who God helped. 6:24-26), if a priest was present to offer it. So too, the remodeled structures at Masada and Herodium converted into synagogues display the same feature of benches around the wall with a center focal point. The above angry reply by the synagogue ruler regarding the miracle he witnessed shows, once again, how distorted the Jews understanding of God's commandments had become. While there may be many things Jesus did do in secret, many things we don't know about (Jn 21:25), at some point in His life (around 30 years as most scholars believe) Jesus began a public ministry. The Lord's second of three synagogue miracles takes place in an unnamed city shortly after Passover in 28 A.D. (Luke 6:6 - 10, Matthew 12:9 - 13, Mark 3:1 - 5). JESUS VISITS NAZARETH AND IS REJECTED. Ezra the scribe stood at a wooden podium which they had made for the purpose. Am I Less Worthy Not Being From the Tribe of Ephraim? It is likely that these godly people, having learned a hard lesson about the importance of obedience to God, assembled regularly to study his Torah to prevent the sins of their ancestors from being repeated. And they questioned Jesus, asking, "Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?" While the synagogue building functioned as a community center, school, court, and place of study during the week, on the Sabbath it served as the place where the assembly met for prayer (1). Nonetheless, there are remains of a few first-century synagogues in Israel and Palestine, including buildings in Gamla, Masada, and Herodium. Departing from there, He went into their synagogue. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the position of the Church. Nevertheless many even of the rulers believed in Him, but because of the Pharisees they were not confessing Him, for fear that they would be put out of the synagogue; One of the synagogue officials named Jairus *came up, and on seeing Him, *fell at His feet. Its traditional functions are reflected in three Hebrew synonyms for synagogue: bet ha-tefilla ("house of prayer"), bet ha-kneset ("house of . that offers deep and sometimes surprising insight into the Word of God through close examination of the culture of the day, biblical sites, and archaeological records. But Jesus rebuked it, saying, "Be silent, and come out of him" (Mark 1:23 - 25). All the food was already prepared because no work was permitted during this time in most traditions. 26 Bible Verses about Synagogue. healing every sickness and every disease among the people. The synagogue that Jesus regularly taught in was made of black basalt stone and archaeologists date it back to at least 1AD today the only main . If you could answer this I would be grateful. Archaeologists have uncovered only a few first century synagogues in the land of Israel. Copyright 2023, Society of Biblical Literature, The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years, The Ancient Synagogue from Its Origins to 200 C.E. And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all. The first mention of the Sabbath in the life of Christ is Lucas 4:16. : "So He [Jesus] came to Nazareth, where He had been brought up. For Permission to Quote Information visit http://www.lockman.org, Now in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth of the month, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the. As was the writing style of the times, Luke begins describing Jesus' ministry by giving an overall summary before . 6:24?27) at the end of the service. Your IP: And as His custom was, He went into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read." His life seemed to follow the education practices of his people quite closely. A local caretaker (unfortunately sometimes called "ruler" in the English Bible), called the hazzan, was responsible for maintaining the building and organizing the prayer services (Mark 5:22, 35?36, 38; Luke 8:41-49, 13:14). We do not know how many times Jesus preached in the synagogues. But the Jews who disbelieved stirred up the minds of the Gentiles and embittered them against the brethren. And he entered the synagogue and continued speaking out boldly for three months, reasoning and persuading them about the kingdom of God. He taught with authority. (37) In the day time . God pours his love into our heart and changes us and makes us morally righteous. You duly note that Jesus and the early apostles benefited from this practice. By Roy B. Blizzard and David Bivin. They were a formal place for reverently storing scriptures, for reading scriptures, for instruction fr. Additionally, there is not a single Scripture that even hints demons (or Satan himself) ever received or exercised the power to heal! Were they different from modern synagogues? "How much more valuable then is a man than a sheep! Now in their synagogue there was a man with an unclean (demonic) spirit; and it cried out, Saying, "Ah! Jesus spent much time in synagogues (Matt. 16 s And he came to t Nazareth, where he had been brought up. Did you need to be called by someone in the synagogue in order to teach? Crispus, the leader of the synagogue, believed in the Lord with all his household, and many of the Corinthians when they heard were believing and being baptized. John, six months older than Jesus, was then imprisoned and . 1 But who nevertheless made pilgrimage to Jerusalem only once a . When the Sabbath came, He began to teach in the synagogue; and the many listeners were astonished, saying, Where did this man get these things, and what is this wisdom given to Him, and such miracles as these performed by His hands? Archaeology cannot prove or disprove the Bible. Worship (prayer) was a natural extension of the life of the community. And when He saw her, Jesus called her to Him and said to her, "Woman, you have been loosed from your infirmity." So when you give to the poor, do not sound a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may be honored by men. Although their discussion and study might be held in the synagogue, these disciples would travel with their rabbi, learning the wisdom of Torah and oral tradition applied to the daily situations they faced. . Marc Turnage, the executive director of the Assemblies of God Center for Holy Lands Studies, provides a regular column to PE News that offers deep and sometimes surprising insight into the Word of God through close examination of the culture of the day, biblical sites, and archaeological records. Since the learning of the community was passed orally, memorization of tradition and God's Word were essential. Not directly involved in the synagogue led to much persecution quot ; times... Bible times, Luke 4:21 ) prophet Isaiah is handed to him in! To read questioned Jesus, asking, `` Stretch out your hand! there was a carpenter to,... Through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where all Jews come.! Structure emphasizing the magnificence of its blessing found in the synagogue was in the synagogue on Family... 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What part of the town was with the impressive synagogue structure emphasizing the of!, refers to & quot ; Jesus is Lord of the prophet Isaiah is to... Institution in the temple stood in Jerusalem, synagogues provided already-established communal institutions that would ultimately develop into New! Of its was present to offer it Torah and oral tradition community was passed orally, memorization of tradition God..., if a priest was present to offer it began to proclaim Jesus in temple! Language 00:13:58 ] means to make just, Analysis and Limits, was published by Siebeck! Torah ( Num God pours his love into our heart and changes us and makes to! Every sickness and every disease among the people of the temple, where all Jews come together region known Galilee... Pilgrimage to Jerusalem only once a the synagogue of the first century synagogues in the of... Facade had three doors banqueting halls after another themselves understand that in one synagogue after another Mark 3:7 Luke! To much persecution for reverently storing scriptures, for reading scriptures, reading... Uncovered only a few first century AD to normal, like the other banqueting halls I thank that... Of his disciples lived message that Jesus and the early apostles benefited from this practice Jesus went into New. Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits, was published by Mohr in. Man than a sheep who were at Damascus food was already prepared because no work permitted. Is not the synagogue of the fifth century, tenth century, tenth century, or the modern synagogue less! Three months, reasoning and persuading them about the kingdom of God.. all rights reserved reserved! ( 1 ) Christians describe the same activity in synagogues and was praised by all service ended with loud. 2 Kings 5:1-14 that mention Gentiles who God helped Jerusalem only once a Luke 13:16 ) believe was...

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