We analyze the dynamics of labor migration and the insurance role of remittances in a two-country, real business cycle framework. 33George Borjas (1990*) was a key figure of research in this area. In G. Borjas & J. The family plays a central role in this system. ), Crossing borders: Regional and urban perspectives on international migration. Unfortunately studies of the long term are rare. Migration management calls for coordination between governments. Among the factors influencing the migration decision, Lee mentions personal contacts and sources of information about the situation at destination. 2This article explores the development of contemporary migration theories as reflected in some twenty founding texts that have marked the field over the last fifty years. 3Our first question concerns the very definition of migration. American Economic Review, 59, 138148. Wages, rents, and amenities: Differences among workers and regions. Lancaster, K. (1966). (1979). Journal of Labor Economics, 4, 131149. Sjaastad, (1962) presented Human capital theory, in which migration is defined as individual's investment decision (cited by Bauer and Zimmermann, 1999) because individual increases employment perspective or/and uses opportunities of foreign education. The laws of migration. A gendered approach to migration decision-making rounds off this analysis. Wage distribution and spatial preferences in competitive job search and migration. Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. He points up the absence of appropriate policies to address the new challenges of migration, notably the build-up of emigration pressure due to mounting inequalities. Hatton, T., & Williamson, J. Internal migration in developed countries. In his 1977 JPE article with Daniel Wisecarver "The Social Cost of Public Finance" (Sjaastad, 1977), Larry developed a highly innovative normative theory of government that They also stated that there is no all-encompassing theory to explain international migration. Neoclassical Theory (Sjaastad 1962; Todaro 1969) proposes that international migration is connected to the global supply and demand for labor. Costs can be broken down into money and non-money costs. Frey, B., & Stutzer, A. In this theory, macro-level . Glaeser, E., & Shapiro, J. (1776[1937]). Economic Inquiry, 26, 2341. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2116-0_2, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. (2007). A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. (2002a). The results suggest that migration has a small, but significant impact on regional wages and unemployment rates. New York: Modern Library. For a sampling of important early papers using the equilibrium perspective, see Roback (1982, 1988), Graves (1979, 1983), Greenwood (1997), Green, Deller, and Marcouiller (2006) and Glaeser and Shapiro (2003). For Borjas, there are two opposing views about how immigration affects the native labour market. 52We have presented the various theoretical approaches by examining the paths along which new ideas unfold. 54Two dimensions of migration deserve to be more fully theorized in the future. The second dimension, on the other hand, has become a central issue, focusing on three questions: How does immigration affect the earnings and labour market opportunities of native residents? Mabogunjes approach sees migration not as a linear, one-way movement, but as a circular phenomenon embedded in a system of interdependent variables. (1986). Green, G., Deller, S., & Marcouiller, D. (2006). Tal vez desee visitar tambin nuestros contenidos en espaol en Cairn Mundo. Roback, J. The secondary sector, on the other hand, is the reverse image of the primary sector, and is characterized by low wages, menial and insecure jobs, and low levels of unionization. Lanalyse des rseaux migratoires occupe une place centrale aussi bien dans les cadres explicatifs que dans les travaux propos des effets de la migration sur le dveloppement conomique. Borjas did not discuss second-order effects, however. In M. Rosenzweig & O. Stark (Eds. He also talks about discrimination and the inauguration of other kinds of diversity among people, laying the foundations for wide-ranging subsequent research on multiracial and multicultural societies. 7Sjaastads paper laid the groundwork for the general schema for migration presented by Everett Lee in 1966*. The re-emergence of guest worker programmes is currently receiving strong support, not only from international organizations such as the International Labour Organization and the International Organization for Migration, but also from scholars (Piche?, 2012). Migration decision making: A review article. As stated above, rather than competing, each approach brings specific new insights that must be taken into account when attempting to explain migration. 30Their work has fostered a whole series of research projects that have developed in two directions. Until today, this western-centric approach has remained central to the conception of social change and development in demography. This third form of labour market incorporation introduces the idea that unqualified immigrants are not all at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, and that working in an immigrant enclave may be advantageous as it offers real opportunities for advancement. We will return to this point later in relation to the founding text by Oberai and Manmohan (1980*). Migration and the option value of waiting. This theoretical model was expanded by Michael Todaro (Todaro, 1969; Harris and Todaro, 1970) and Borjas (1989). These authors turn the problem around by considering the links between emigrants and sending regions via the notion of remittances, a key vector, in their view, of the impact of emigration in developing countries. Oberai and Manmohan also mention that the relative effect of remittances is strongest for the poorest households. The long-term consequence of immigration will be the emergence of multicultural societies, leading in turn to new concepts of citizenship and the nation state. Two questions, in particular, must be studied in greater depth: What are the new manpower needs of the developed economies, and how will they evolve? Massey, R., & Garcia Espana, F. (1987). For an overview of the state of human trafficking across the world, see Laczko and Gozdziak, 2005. Beyond measurement problems, debate often focuses on the economic impact of irregular migration. For Sjaastad, "it is particularly useful to employ the human capital concept and to view migration, training, and experience as investments in the human agent". He suggests using three major dimensions to define migration: a change in residence, a shift in employment and a shift in social relations. Migration is an act of human capital investment. (1988). Is there a fundamental contradiction here between neo-liberalism, which promotes free circulation of capital, goods and services, and the new protectionist model of migration management based on flexibility and circularity? 15As mentioned earlier, a characteristic inherent to the systemic approach is that of circular migration, a notion theorized by Burawoy (1976*). This negative viewpoint was reiterated in research on migration and development, a point we will discuss in the next section. The special issue of the International Migration Review on female migration, edited by Mirjana Morokvasic (1984*) points out that migration also concerns women. Journal of Political Economy, 86, 749773. New York: Pergamon Press. The costs and returns of human migration. Willis, R. (1973). Why is this so? Hicks, J. For this author, female migration can be positive (emancipation, financial independence), but can also reinforce gender inequalities. Micro-level theories such as the neoclassical micro-migration theory, Wolpert's . What fundamentals drive world migration? The first selected text is by Alan Simmons (1987*). It is as if the microeconomic hypothesis of the rational individual maximizing his interests has become a postulate that needs no verification. Veenhoven, R. (1999). 40These ideas have not been widely developed since the work of Zolberg, Suhrke and Ahuayo in the 1980s. American Economic Review, 60, 126142. Rosen, S. (1974). Cada enfoque, ms que oponerse a los otros, aporta una contribucin especfica, que debe ser considerada no solo en toda explicacin de los fenmenos migratorios sino tambin en toda elaboracin y evaluacin de polticas migratorias. Like the classic theory of demographic transition, the theory of the mobility transition (Zelinski speaks more modestly of a hypothesis) forms part of the theory of modernization that dominated in the 1970s. It nonetheless gives rise to a conception of international migration that ties in with globalization, even suggesting the idea of a world labour market in a globalized economy (Petras, 1981; Simmons, 2002). (1984). INTRODUCCIN. Regional and urban perspectives on international migration: an overview. This figure represents an analytical framework which sees migration as a multifactorial and multidimensional phenomenon and which incorporates its three main ingredients: origin and destination; micro, meso, macro and global analysis levels; and economic, social and political dimensions (Piche?, 2004). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Last, he notes that the increase in migration may also be due to migration itself, given that the first waves of migrants overcome the intervening obstacles, making it easier for subsequent waves to follow in their path. It is founded on the basic premise that well-managed migration can be positive for everyone: the countries of origin and destination, and the migrants themselves (hence the famous slogan win-win-win). Borjas tends to favour the second view. Sjaastad's framework has been extended in a variety of ways . Le cadre analytique propos ici prsente la migration comme un phnomne multifactoriel et multidimensionnel, qui intgre trois dimensions principales : lorigine et la destination; les niveaux danalyse micro, mso, macro et global; les aspects conomiques, sociaux et politiques. 34One of the conceptual weaknesses of research on migrant economic integration, in both developed and developing countries, is to consider the labour market as unique. Mincer, J. Do immigrants really have a negative effect on these opportunities? Without doubt, Sjaastad's greatest contribution was to introduce the notion of human capital into migration theory to get around the problem of estimating returns. Happy life-expectancy: A comprehensive measure of quality-of-life in nations. Stark and Bloom (1985*) depart from micro-economic theories by introducing the notion of family strategy which highlights the mutual interdependence between migrants and their families, and places emphasis on risk handling and risk pooling. In short, alongside the human capital so dear to neoclassical theory, network and kinship capital also exists (social capital). 10Remaining within the micro-individual approach, another question concerns the evolution of migration patterns. Theoretical justifications for the gravity model of trade have been provided by Linneman (1966), Anderson (1979) and Deardorff (1998). The second point concerns the period covered, namely the decades from the 1960s up to the year 2000. How will national and supranational states respond to these new needs? Cloud, MN, USA, Department Economics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA, You can also search for this author in An important contribution was by Sjaastad , who articulated a theory of internal migration as a type of human capital investment. without social security in the event of injury, illness or unemployment. Sequential migration theory and evidence from Peru . Challenging the postulate of the rational actor maximizing interests under market forces, Burawoy introduced political and structural factors. On voit ainsi se dvelopper des thories qui, privilgiant dabord des approches micro-individuelles centres sur lanalyse cot-bnfice, vont peu peu intgrer les facteurs macro-structurels. This has not always been the case, as the text by Oberai and Manmohan (1980*) shows. Borjas, G. (1990). Distribution lectronique Cairn.info pour I.N.E.D I.N.E.D. In his view, the constitution of new minorities with distinct cultures, identities and institutions, is an irreversible process, which questions existing notions of national identity and citizenship. For now, governments are tending to restrict permanent migration in favour of circular and temporary migration, resulting in the emergence of new categories of non-citizens. And development in demography green, G., Deller, S., & Marcouiller, D. ( 2006 ) in... The insurance role of remittances in a system of interdependent variables the text by Oberai and (. 33George Borjas ( 1989 ) migration not as a circular phenomenon embedded in a system of interdependent variables tal desee... Hypothesis of the rational actor maximizing interests under market forces, Burawoy introduced political and structural factors on these?... Migration deserve to be more fully theorized in the future Todaro 1969 ) proposes that international is. 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